Excessive bleeding caused by anticoagulants is an example of which type of effect?

Excessive bleeding caused by anticoagulants is classified as a hematological effect because these medications primarily affect the blood’s ability to clot. Anticoagulants work by interfering with the normal clotting process, which leads to increased bleeding. This is directly related to the hematological system, which is responsible for the production and regulation of blood components and their functions.

The other options pertain to different areas of concern in pharmacology. Carcinogenicity refers to substances that can lead to cancer, while teratogenicity relates to the effects of certain drugs on fetal development, which can cause birth defects. Nephrotoxicity involves drugs that can cause damage to the kidneys. Therefore, since excessive bleeding directly relates to blood coagulation and is a recognized complication of anticoagulant therapy, it is correctly identified as a hematological effect.