Commonly used drugs such as acetaminophen and aspirin can produce:

Acetaminophen, commonly known as Tylenol, is primarily metabolized by the liver, and excessive intake can lead to liver damage, resulting in hepatotoxicity. This is a well-documented risk when doses exceed the recommended guidelines, particularly in cases of chronic use or when combined with alcohol consumption. The liver processes acetaminophen normally, but when overwhelmed, it produces toxic metabolites that can cause cell death and liver failure.

Aspirin, while not typically associated with hepatotoxicity in the same way as acetaminophen, can also cause liver-related issues, particularly in cases of overdose or in patients with existing liver conditions. While the drug is more commonly linked with gastrointestinal bleeding and issues related to the stomach, understanding the mechanism of acetaminophen illustrates why hepatotoxicity is particularly relevant in the context of these commonly used medications.

Carcinogenicity refers to the potential of a substance to cause cancer, which is not a known primary risk factor for acetaminophen or aspirin. Nephrotoxicity involves damage to the kidneys, which can occur with certain medications, but again, this is not the primary concern with these two drugs. Teratogenicity is the ability of a substance to cause birth defects, which is a significant